Document Type : Research Article (Quantitative)
Authors
1 PhD, Department of Philosophy of Education, Education Officer, Farhangian University, Sistan and Baluchestan, Iran.
2 PhD student, Department of Educational Management, Farhangian University, Sistan and Baluchistan, Iran.
10.22034/ijes.2021.706744
Abstract
Purpose: The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of courage skill training on depression among elementary school teachers in Chabahar city.
Methodology: The method of this research was semi-experimental according to its nature, purpose and hypotheses. The statistical population of the present study was all the teachers of primary schools in Chabahar city, and the sample of study was 30 teachers of primary schools in Chabahar city, who were selected by random sampling and were taught boldness skills in 10 training sessions in two months, and in order to collect In this research, data from training courses and depression questionnaire were used. The reliability of the questionnaires was calculated using Cronbach's alpha method of 0.77. For the statistical analysis of the data, the T test method was used to compare the averages of the test and control groups. The research hypothesis is focused on the effectiveness of courage skill training on the depression of primary school teachers in Chabahar city.
Findings: According to the results of the research, it was found that the implementation of the courage skills training program can affect the level of depression of primary school teachers in Chabahar city.
Conclusion: As a result, they can control the depression of primary school teachers in Chabahar city and improve their general health level.
Keywords
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Albert,S.,Yildiz,A,Erol,S.(1991).The effect of peer bullying education on adolescents’ knowledge attitudes and behaviors towads bullying. Social and behavior sciences,46, 4620-4625
Alberti R, Emmons M.(2017). Your perfect right: Assertiveness and equality in your life and relationships. 10th edition. London: Impact;.
Ames, D. R. (2009). The unseen costs of mismanaged conflict: How poor leaders get interpersonal assertiveness wrong ... and who notices. Unpublished manuscript.
Andler, A., & Parker, R. (1990). A study of adjustment level of adolescents from foster home and biological families. Studies on Home and Community Science, 7(1), 7-12.
Ayzenk, O. (2000). A prospective correlational analysis of achievement goals as mediating constructs linking distal motivational dispositions to intrinsic motivation and academic achievement. Learning and Individual Differences, 50, 30-41.
Ball, Tillian. Mitchel, Philip. Ashleigh, Gin Malhi & wagswith, skillecorn. (2003). Schema focoused cognitive the rapy for Bipolar Disorder: Reducing vulnerability to Relapse Thorougn. Attitndinal change. Australian & New Zealand tournal of paychiatry, 37,41-47.
Baron, R. A, & Richardson, D. R, (2018), Human aggression. New York: Plenum press.
Brannon. L., & Feist, J. (1997). Health Psychology: anIntroducation to Behvior and Health . Mexico. City Brooks /Cole.
Butler, D. L., & Winne, P. H. (1995). Feedback and self-regulated learning: A theoretical synthesis. Review of Educational Research, 65, 245-28.
Byrd, E., Bosley, H., Dronberger, M., (2009), "Comparisons of stakeholder perceptions of tourism impacts in rural eastern North Carolina", Tourism Management, 30 (1): 693–703.
Cassidy, T., & Long, C. (1996). Problem solving style, stress and psychological illness: Development of a multifactorial. British journal of clinical psychology. 35, 256-277
Chen, C. J. (2007). Knowledge Management and Innovativeness, the Role of Organizational Climate and Structure. Manpower, Volume 8, pp. 848-870.
Cohen, J. R., viliam, S. J., (2001). Accepting a scholarly identity: Gifted students, academic crowd membership, and identification with school. Journal for the Education of the Gifted, 39(1), 23-48.
Cohen, S., & Williamson, G. M. (1991). Stress and Infections Disease in Humans. Psychological Bulletin, 109 , 5-23.
Corsini, R. J. (1999). The Dictionary of Psychology. Philadelphia: Branner/Mazel
D zorila, M. J., & Nezo, C. (1999). Avoiding the demonstration of lack of ability: An underexplored aspect of goal theory. Journal of Educational Psychology, 89(4), 710. doi: 10.1037/0022-0663.89.4.710.
D’Zurilla, T. J., and Nezu, A. M. (2007). Problem-solving therapy: A positive approach to clinical intervention (3rd ed.). New York: Springer.
Davidson, G. C., & Neal, J. M. (1990). Abnormal Psychology (5 th ED). New York: Wiley.
Deyzorila, R. W., & B. Sana, B. (2004). Measuring adjustment to college. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31(2), 179-189.
Dohrenwend, B. P. (1961). Hassles in the conceptulization and measuremnet of life stress variables. American Psychologist, 40 , 780 - 785.
Drumheler L.Gender differences in stress and coping styles. Radford University 2005; 66:78.
Elliot, TR, Gramling, SE, (2008). Personal assertiveness and the effects of social support among female high school students. Journal of counseling Psychology, 37(4), 427-436.
Ellis, A . ( 2017 ) Anger How to live with and without it . U.S .A : Jaico publishing Housc.
Emmons, R. A., & Paloutzian R. F. (2003). The psychology of religion. Annual Review of psychology , 54, 377 -402.
Eysenck, M.W. (2000). Psychology , UK: Psychology press Ltd.
Feindler, E. L., Marriott, S. A., & Iwata, M. (1984). Group anger control training for junior high school delinquents. Cognitive therapy and research, 8(3), 299-311.
Folkman, S. & Lazarus, R. S. (1988). Ways of ways of coping questionnaire web permission set: test booklet and scoring key. Consultant psychologists press.
Fromm, E. (1976). To have or tobe ? NY : pocket Books.
Frydenberg E, Lewis R. A replication study of the structure of the adolescent coping scale: Multiple forms and application of a selfreport inyentory in a counseling and research context. EuropeanJournal of Psychological Assessmen 1996;12:224-235.
Goldbery, S. (1981). Psychological Response to stress and Surrival. Psychological Medicine, 21 , 43-49.
Gomez, R. (1998). Locus of control and avoidant coping: Direct,interactional and meditational effects on maladjustment in adolescents.Personality and Individual Differences, 24, 325-334.
Hargie O, Dickson D, Mallett J, Stringer M. (2008). Communicating social identity a study of Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland. Communication Research, 35(6), 792-821.
Hizz, E. C., Martin, A. J., & Collie, R. J. (1983). Growth goal setting in positive education: The role of personal best (PB) goal setting in promoting student well-being and academic success. In: R. Stokoe (Ed). Global perspectives in positive education. Melton, UK: John Catt Educational.
Holohan CJ, Moos RH, Holohan CK, Brebbab PL. Social support, coping and depressive symptoms in a late middle-aged sample of pationts reporting cardiac illness. Health Psychology 1995;14:152- 163.
Janis, M. P. (1988). Individual Differences, Stress, and Health Psychology . New York: Springer - Verlega.
Jiang.dand diel,h(2013) Effect of psychological drug aggressionhn a prison seeting . The Canadian journal of psychiatry . 72-4669
Kamboukos,D.(2009). Bullying and victimization among boys and girls in middle school: The influence of perceived family and school contexts. Early Adolescence, 29(4), 571-609.
Kartren, T. H., & Phillips, L. J. (1993). The influence of motivation and adaptation on students' subjective well-being, meaning in life and academic performance. Higher Education Research and Development, 35(2), 201–216.
Kobasa, S. C., & Maddi, S. R. (1994). Hardiness and mental Health. Journal of Personality assessment, 63 (2), 262- 274.
Kombasa, A.J. (2017). Positive education in Asia and beyond. The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 25, 493-498. doi: 10.1007/s40299-016-0291-4.
Kutash, E. C. (1985). Growth goal setting in positive education: The role of personal best (PB) goal setting in promoting student well-being and academic success. In: R. Stokoe (Ed). Global perspectives in positive education. Melton, UK: John Catt Educational.
Kutash, J.L. (1985). Handbook of Stress and Anxiety . Jossey Buss Pub.Kutash, J.L. & Schlesinger, L.B. (1981).Fantasies and Criminal Behavior . New York University Education Quarterly, in Press.
Lazarus, R. S. & Folkman, S.(1984). Stress, appraisal and coping. New York: springer publishing company.
Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, Appraisal, and Coping . New York: Springer.
Lazarus, R.S. (1982). Puzzles in The Study of Daily Hassles. J. Behavioral Medicine, 7 , 375 - 389.
Lazarus, S.R. (1993). Coping Theory and Research: Past, Present, Future, Psychosomatic Medicine, 55, 234-244
Lazaurus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1986). Stress Appraisal and Coping . New York, Springer, Pub. Company.
Lefcourt, H. M. (1992). Durability and impact of the locus of controlconstruct. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 411-441.
Lemos , M. S. (1999). "Students' goals and self-regulation in the classroom". International Journal of Educational Research, 31: 471-485.
Lemos, S. L. (1999). Students goals and self-regulation in the classroom. InternationalJournal of Educational Research, 31, 471-485.
Lewis R, Frydenberg E. Adolescents least able to cope: How do they respond to their stresses? British Journal of Guidance and Couappraisal 2004;32(1):25-37.
Loevinger, J. (1967). Egodevelopment. Sanfrancisco: Jossy Bass.
Meichenbaum, D. (1977). Cognitive-behavior modification: An integrative approach . NewYork: plenum press.
Moos, R.H., & Schaefer, J. A. (1993). Coping Resourcs and Processes: Current Concept and Measures . In L.
Nezo, K. D., Sheldon, K. M., Hilpert, J. C., & Easter, M. A. (2011). Antecedents and trajectories of achievement goals: A selfdetermination
Pargament, K et al (1992); God help me (ll). Journal for scientific study of religion. 37 (4) 504 – 513.
Park C. L & Cohen, L.H (1990); R eligious and nonreligious coping with the death of friend. Journal of cognitive therapy and research. 17.
Peterson, C., Maier, S. F., & Seligman, M. E. P. (1996). Learned helplessness: A theory for the age of personal control. New York: Oxford University Press.
Philips, T., & McGrath, H. (2013). PROSPER: A new framework for positive education. Psychology of Well-Being, 5(1), 2. Doi 10.1186/s13612-015-0030-2.
Phipps WJ, Cassmeyer VI, Sands J, et al. (2013). Medical surgical nursing and clinical practice. New York: Mosby Co;. P:113.
Piko B. Gender differences and similarities in adolescents ways of copin . Psychological Record 2001;51:223-236.
Pilar matud M.Gender Differences in stress and Coping styles. Personality Differences 2004; 37(7):1401-15.
Pintrich, P. R. (2000). An achievement goal theory perspective on issuesin motivation terminology, theory, and research. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25, 92-104.
Ramsey E, Patterson G. (2007). Generalization of the antisocial trait from to school setting. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 11(4), 209-223.
Ramsey E, Patterson G. (2007). Generalization of the antisocial trait from to school setting. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 11(4), 209-223.
Rasmussen, A. F. JR, Speacer, E.T., & Marsh, J.T. (1963). Emotions and Immuniuty. Anuals of The New York Academy of Science, 164, 458-461.
Reisman, J. M. (2016). Sacral: Toward the meaning and measurement of friendliness. Journal of Personality Assessment, 47, 405-413.
Rosenman, R. H. & Seligman. (1989), Multivariation Prediction of Cronary Heart Disease During 805 Year Followup in The Westem Collabrative Group Study. American J. Cardiology, 57 , 23-130.
Sameri A, Laalifase A, Askari A.An investigation on supportive resources and coping styles with stressors in university students. The Quarterly Journal Fundamental of Mental Health 2006; 8(31, 32):97-107. [Persian]
Schroeder, C., Gordon, B. N. (2002). Assessment and treatment of childhood problems A clinician’s Guide. (2nd ed.). The Guilford press.
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Schunk, D. H. (1991). Self-efficacy and academic motivation. Educational Psychologist, 26, 207-231.
Selye, H. (1950). The physiology and pathology of exposure to stress. Montreal: ACTA.
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Shaffer, M. (1982). Life after Stress . New York & London : Plenum Press.
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Alberti R, Emmons M.(2017). Your perfect right: Assertiveness and equality in your life and relationships. 10th edition. London: Impact;.
Ames, D. R. (2009). The unseen costs of mismanaged conflict: How poor leaders get interpersonal assertiveness wrong ... and who notices. Unpublished manuscript.
Andler, A., & Parker, R. (1990). A study of adjustment level of adolescents from foster home and biological families. Studies on Home and Community Science, 7(1), 7-12.
Ayzenk, O. (2000). A prospective correlational analysis of achievement goals as mediating constructs linking distal motivational dispositions to intrinsic motivation and academic achievement. Learning and Individual Differences, 50, 30-41.
Ball, Tillian. Mitchel, Philip. Ashleigh, Gin Malhi & wagswith, skillecorn. (2003). Schema focoused cognitive the rapy for Bipolar Disorder: Reducing vulnerability to Relapse Thorougn. Attitndinal change. Australian & New Zealand tournal of paychiatry, 37,41-47.
Baron, R. A, & Richardson, D. R, (2018), Human aggression. New York: Plenum press.
Brannon. L., & Feist, J. (1997). Health Psychology: anIntroducation to Behvior and Health . Mexico. City Brooks /Cole.
Butler, D. L., & Winne, P. H. (1995). Feedback and self-regulated learning: A theoretical synthesis. Review of Educational Research, 65, 245-28.
Byrd, E., Bosley, H., Dronberger, M., (2009), "Comparisons of stakeholder perceptions of tourism impacts in rural eastern North Carolina", Tourism Management, 30 (1): 693–703.
Cassidy, T., & Long, C. (1996). Problem solving style, stress and psychological illness: Development of a multifactorial. British journal of clinical psychology. 35, 256-277
Chen, C. J. (2007). Knowledge Management and Innovativeness, the Role of Organizational Climate and Structure. Manpower, Volume 8, pp. 848-870.
Cohen, J. R., viliam, S. J., (2001). Accepting a scholarly identity: Gifted students, academic crowd membership, and identification with school. Journal for the Education of the Gifted, 39(1), 23-48.
Cohen, S., & Williamson, G. M. (1991). Stress and Infections Disease in Humans. Psychological Bulletin, 109 , 5-23.
Corsini, R. J. (1999). The Dictionary of Psychology. Philadelphia: Branner/Mazel
D zorila, M. J., & Nezo, C. (1999). Avoiding the demonstration of lack of ability: An underexplored aspect of goal theory. Journal of Educational Psychology, 89(4), 710. doi: 10.1037/0022-0663.89.4.710.
D’Zurilla, T. J., and Nezu, A. M. (2007). Problem-solving therapy: A positive approach to clinical intervention (3rd ed.). New York: Springer.
Davidson, G. C., & Neal, J. M. (1990). Abnormal Psychology (5 th ED). New York: Wiley.
Deyzorila, R. W., & B. Sana, B. (2004). Measuring adjustment to college. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31(2), 179-189.
Dohrenwend, B. P. (1961). Hassles in the conceptulization and measuremnet of life stress variables. American Psychologist, 40 , 780 - 785.
Drumheler L.Gender differences in stress and coping styles. Radford University 2005; 66:78.
Elliot, TR, Gramling, SE, (2008). Personal assertiveness and the effects of social support among female high school students. Journal of counseling Psychology, 37(4), 427-436.
Ellis, A . ( 2017 ) Anger How to live with and without it . U.S .A : Jaico publishing Housc.
Emmons, R. A., & Paloutzian R. F. (2003). The psychology of religion. Annual Review of psychology , 54, 377 -402.
Eysenck, M.W. (2000). Psychology , UK: Psychology press Ltd.
Feindler, E. L., Marriott, S. A., & Iwata, M. (1984). Group anger control training for junior high school delinquents. Cognitive therapy and research, 8(3), 299-311.
Folkman, S. & Lazarus, R. S. (1988). Ways of ways of coping questionnaire web permission set: test booklet and scoring key. Consultant psychologists press.
Fromm, E. (1976). To have or tobe ? NY : pocket Books.
Frydenberg E, Lewis R. A replication study of the structure of the adolescent coping scale: Multiple forms and application of a selfreport inyentory in a counseling and research context. EuropeanJournal of Psychological Assessmen 1996;12:224-235.
Goldbery, S. (1981). Psychological Response to stress and Surrival. Psychological Medicine, 21 , 43-49.
Gomez, R. (1998). Locus of control and avoidant coping: Direct,interactional and meditational effects on maladjustment in adolescents.Personality and Individual Differences, 24, 325-334.
Hargie O, Dickson D, Mallett J, Stringer M. (2008). Communicating social identity a study of Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland. Communication Research, 35(6), 792-821.
Hizz, E. C., Martin, A. J., & Collie, R. J. (1983). Growth goal setting in positive education: The role of personal best (PB) goal setting in promoting student well-being and academic success. In: R. Stokoe (Ed). Global perspectives in positive education. Melton, UK: John Catt Educational.
Holohan CJ, Moos RH, Holohan CK, Brebbab PL. Social support, coping and depressive symptoms in a late middle-aged sample of pationts reporting cardiac illness. Health Psychology 1995;14:152- 163.
Janis, M. P. (1988). Individual Differences, Stress, and Health Psychology . New York: Springer - Verlega.
Jiang.dand diel,h(2013) Effect of psychological drug aggressionhn a prison seeting . The Canadian journal of psychiatry . 72-4669
Kamboukos,D.(2009). Bullying and victimization among boys and girls in middle school: The influence of perceived family and school contexts. Early Adolescence, 29(4), 571-609.
Kartren, T. H., & Phillips, L. J. (1993). The influence of motivation and adaptation on students' subjective well-being, meaning in life and academic performance. Higher Education Research and Development, 35(2), 201–216.
Kobasa, S. C., & Maddi, S. R. (1994). Hardiness and mental Health. Journal of Personality assessment, 63 (2), 262- 274.
Kombasa, A.J. (2017). Positive education in Asia and beyond. The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 25, 493-498. doi: 10.1007/s40299-016-0291-4.
Kutash, E. C. (1985). Growth goal setting in positive education: The role of personal best (PB) goal setting in promoting student well-being and academic success. In: R. Stokoe (Ed). Global perspectives in positive education. Melton, UK: John Catt Educational.
Kutash, J.L. (1985). Handbook of Stress and Anxiety . Jossey Buss Pub.Kutash, J.L. & Schlesinger, L.B. (1981).Fantasies and Criminal Behavior . New York University Education Quarterly, in Press.
Lazarus, R. S. & Folkman, S.(1984). Stress, appraisal and coping. New York: springer publishing company.
Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, Appraisal, and Coping . New York: Springer.
Lazarus, R.S. (1982). Puzzles in The Study of Daily Hassles. J. Behavioral Medicine, 7 , 375 - 389.
Lazarus, S.R. (1993). Coping Theory and Research: Past, Present, Future, Psychosomatic Medicine, 55, 234-244
Lazaurus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1986). Stress Appraisal and Coping . New York, Springer, Pub. Company.
Lefcourt, H. M. (1992). Durability and impact of the locus of controlconstruct. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 411-441.
Lemos , M. S. (1999). "Students' goals and self-regulation in the classroom". International Journal of Educational Research, 31: 471-485.
Lemos, S. L. (1999). Students goals and self-regulation in the classroom. InternationalJournal of Educational Research, 31, 471-485.
Lewis R, Frydenberg E. Adolescents least able to cope: How do they respond to their stresses? British Journal of Guidance and Couappraisal 2004;32(1):25-37.
Loevinger, J. (1967). Egodevelopment. Sanfrancisco: Jossy Bass.
Meichenbaum, D. (1977). Cognitive-behavior modification: An integrative approach . NewYork: plenum press.
Moos, R.H., & Schaefer, J. A. (1993). Coping Resourcs and Processes: Current Concept and Measures . In L.
Nezo, K. D., Sheldon, K. M., Hilpert, J. C., & Easter, M. A. (2011). Antecedents and trajectories of achievement goals: A selfdetermination
Pargament, K et al (1992); God help me (ll). Journal for scientific study of religion. 37 (4) 504 – 513.
Park C. L & Cohen, L.H (1990); R eligious and nonreligious coping with the death of friend. Journal of cognitive therapy and research. 17.
Peterson, C., Maier, S. F., & Seligman, M. E. P. (1996). Learned helplessness: A theory for the age of personal control. New York: Oxford University Press.
Philips, T., & McGrath, H. (2013). PROSPER: A new framework for positive education. Psychology of Well-Being, 5(1), 2. Doi 10.1186/s13612-015-0030-2.
Phipps WJ, Cassmeyer VI, Sands J, et al. (2013). Medical surgical nursing and clinical practice. New York: Mosby Co;. P:113.
Piko B. Gender differences and similarities in adolescents ways of copin . Psychological Record 2001;51:223-236.
Pilar matud M.Gender Differences in stress and Coping styles. Personality Differences 2004; 37(7):1401-15.
Pintrich, P. R. (2000). An achievement goal theory perspective on issuesin motivation terminology, theory, and research. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25, 92-104.
Ramsey E, Patterson G. (2007). Generalization of the antisocial trait from to school setting. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 11(4), 209-223.
Ramsey E, Patterson G. (2007). Generalization of the antisocial trait from to school setting. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 11(4), 209-223.
Rasmussen, A. F. JR, Speacer, E.T., & Marsh, J.T. (1963). Emotions and Immuniuty. Anuals of The New York Academy of Science, 164, 458-461.
Reisman, J. M. (2016). Sacral: Toward the meaning and measurement of friendliness. Journal of Personality Assessment, 47, 405-413.
Rosenman, R. H. & Seligman. (1989), Multivariation Prediction of Cronary Heart Disease During 805 Year Followup in The Westem Collabrative Group Study. American J. Cardiology, 57 , 23-130.
Sameri A, Laalifase A, Askari A.An investigation on supportive resources and coping styles with stressors in university students. The Quarterly Journal Fundamental of Mental Health 2006; 8(31, 32):97-107. [Persian]
Schroeder, C., Gordon, B. N. (2002). Assessment and treatment of childhood problems A clinician’s Guide. (2nd ed.). The Guilford press.
Schun k, D. H. & Zimmerman, B. J. (1997). Social origins of self regulatory competence. Educational Psychologist, 32, 195-208.6.
Schunk, D. H. (1991). Self-efficacy and academic motivation. Educational Psychologist, 26, 207-231.
Selye, H. (1950). The physiology and pathology of exposure to stress. Montreal: ACTA.
Selye. H., Sign, N., Roher, W., & Stewart, C. (1936). History of the strress conception, American J. community Psychology, 13 , 733 - 742.
Shaffer, M. (1982). Life after Stress . New York & London : Plenum Press.
Sharifi, F. (2011). The Relationship between perception of students of Parenting Styles with Self-regulation Learning and religious Orientation on High Schools level in kerman . M.A thesis of educational of psychology, ferdowsi university of mashhad. [Persian].
Shefer, E. L.,. (1982). The “what" and" why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227-268.
Shure M.B. (2001). I can problem solve: An interpersonal cognitive problem solving program (2nd Ed.). Champaign, IL: Research Press.
Shure M.B. (2001). I can problem solve: An interpersonal cognitive problem solving program (2nd Ed.). Champaign, IL: Research Press.
Shure, M. B., & Spivac, G. (1988). Interpersonal cognitive problem solving (ICPS). In R. H. Price, E. L. Cowen, R. P. Lorion, & J. Ramos-McKay (Eds), Fourteen ounces of prevention: A casebook for practitioners (pp. 69-82). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Siegel JM. (1986). The Multidimensional Anger Inventory. J Pers Soc Psychol; 51(1): 191-200.
Solomon,I, Thoresen,S, Wentzel-Larsen,T, Dyb,G. (2000).Violence, bullying and academic achievement: a study of 15-year-old adolescents and their school environment. Chil abuse & neglect, 37, 243-251.
Steptoe, A. (1997). Stress management. In A. Baum, S. Newman, J. Weinman, R. West, & C. McManus (Eds.),Cambridge handbook of psychology, health, and medicine . Cambridge: Cambridge university press.
Strongman, K. T. (2006). Applying psychology to Everyday life A Beginners Guide. John Wiley and sons ltd
Strongman, K. T. (2006). Applying psychology to Everyday life A Beginners Guide. John Wiley and sons ltd.
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